1.    introduction:

   This resistance followed up the previous ones that occurred all over Algeria in the second half of the 20th century. They showed the colonial authorities that the Algerian Sahara, is another stronghold of the resistance. After colonizing the north, France began their incursion by sending military missions and consecutive campaigns in preparation for the upcoming phase to colonize the Saharan areas. But the Tuareg people fought these expeditions that seemed scientific but were purely colonization expansions

2. Reasons Behind the Tuareg Resistance:

   Academic research that studied the Tuareg resistance in the Hoggar region proved that the essence of this resistance was the rejection of colonialism This is due to all the revolts and popular resistance that characterized the second half of the nineteenth century. And the spiritual connection that united the population and urged them to fight the French enemy wherever it existed; Because it is an extraneous element and bears the banner of disbelief. This was prevailing among all the Islamic and  Arab nations, including Algerians Even with the existence of many religious ranges; and their followers in these remote desert areas, like the Senussian, which swept the hoggar area, and had many followers and admirers.

The second  reason is that the inhabitants of Tuareg have discovered the real motives behind the consecutive French expeditions to the region. Namely, to discover the ways to facilitate the region's military occupation and domination, and the promotion of christianization among its inhabitants. 

3. Phases of  The Tuareg Resistance:

   The resistance of Tuareg went through unique historical phases due to the region's nature, which was colonized only in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, following the relative stability that the other Algerian areas witnessed.

   Phase I: Failure of the first missions.

   The Tuareg population found it necessary to confront these exploratory missions and work to ruin them because they were intended to prepare the ground for occupation in the region. We recall the mission of Dorno Dauber and Jubar in 1874, where they were killed by Al-Tuareg near Ain Azahar. The religious missions shared the same fate, where the monks Bouchard, Menoré, and Pulimi were killed near Ain Saleh in 1876, along with the failure of Erwin Dubari's mission in 1877.

   Phase II: Sheikh Amud's appearance

   Sheikh Amud was one of the fighters and heroes of the popular revolutions during this period, after French interest in the South intensified; The resistance of Sheikh Amud has emerged as a national challenge and has been characterized by the continuous elimination of all religious and military missions. Colonel Flatters' mission was the most known since it was under the movement of expansion in the south. It started from the city of Ouargla on the morning of March 5, 1880 and crossed the Great Eastern Ethnicity with the real aim of seeking ways to colonize the Sahara, thus connecting all French colonies on the African continent, It is a very important and dangerous task and was behind his promotion to the rank of colonel. Upon his arrival in the Temeinen area, he tried to contact the leaders of Tuareg in Al-Azjar and Hoggar to facilitate his mission, but he was rejected. But he insisted on continuing towards the Gatt area; once he arrived with his troops, he found the way to Lake Manfug cut off. Then tried to go further until he was confronted by those who were willing to fight the battle. Flatters found himself trapped from all sides forcing him to flee and return to Ouargla; he entered on May 17, 1880.On 14 December 1880, Colonel Flaters went out on a second mission from Ouargla for the same purpose to gather information on the area to facilitate the occupation. He went through The Tassili Road crossing, the Great Eastern Race along Oued Evergar in the direction of Amfid and Hoggar, which he reached on 18 January 1881. Then moved to Tinfaret plateau and Ain Ziman to Amghador moor and Tikshin.

In February, the expedition arrived in Beer Al-Gharama. Once it entered, the Tuaregian tribes led by their leaders,  Sheikh Amud and Ahitgel, launched a sweeping and swift attack on French forces, to which they were unable to respond.  Leader of the expedition Colonel Flaters was killed along with his companions such as Roches, Geare, Marson, and Dauneret, next to others who weren't mentioned by the french reporters and stayed forgotten.

Phase III: Repercussions of  Tuareg's resistance to the situation in the desert.

   The annihilation of Colonel Flaters' mission on 16 April 1881 was seen as the beginning of a new phase in  Tuareg resistance and reflected positively on popular resistance, and its continuity, while on the other hand halting the aspirations of colonialism to occupy the Sahara for a significant period.

4. The colonial authorities' reaction:

   This situation prompted the French authorities to rethink plans in line with their policy of occupation of the South by establishing advanced military posts deep in the Sahara to facilitate the Mission's task in the future. This is what took place in 1893 and 1894, on the other hand this phase was also another breath to the people's resistance in the deep Sahara. Seeing what happened with the mission of Collo; where he was killed with all his men on october 31, 1891 in El- Menia.

 However, the enemy's continued undermining of resistance and massacres against the resistance, this has stabilized its presence in this area.